SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Rojava conflict</title>

</head>

Rojava conflict

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Rojava conflict</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, <a href="Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish–Kurdish conflict">Turkish–Kurdish conflict</a>, <a href="War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> and the <a href="War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"> Top left: SDF Victory in the Battle for Raqqa (2017). Top right: Coalition airstrike on <a href="Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> position in <a href="Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>. Middle right: <a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a> supporters at a funeral. Bottom left: Kurdish YPJ fighters. Bottom right: Syriac Military Council patch.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 July 2012 – ongoing (13 years, 2 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a>, <a href="Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a>, <a href="Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>, <a href="Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status">

Ongoing

<ul><li>The <a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a> and allies declared the establishment of <a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">an autonomous region in northeastern Syria</a></li>

<li>Some FSA groups join Rojava as part of the <a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li></ul>

Goals

<ul><li><a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a><a href="#cite_note-demcon-7">[4]</a></li>

<li>Establishment of a permanent Autonomous Zone in Northeastern Syria</li>

<li>Withdrawal of <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and Turkish Allied <a href="Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> from Rojava-claimed territory (since 2016)</li></ul>

Methods

<ul><li><a href="Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Demonstrations</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">DAANES</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> <a href="Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TKP/ML</a> <a href="International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">IFB</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="France" title="France">France</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>

</li></ul>

</div>

<hr>

<a href="Syria" title="Syria"></a> <a href="Ba'athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-Ba'athist_Syria-2">[a]</a> (until 2024) <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-Russia-3">[b]</a> (until 2024)</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <a href="Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> (until 2025)</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Syria" title="Syria"></a> <a href="Ba'athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a> (until 2024)<a href="#cite_note-Syria-4">[c]</a> <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-Russia-3">[b]</a> (until 2024)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> <a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">DAANES</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a>

<ul><li> <a href="People's_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a> (YPG)<a href="#cite_note-ara13sept-8">[5]</a></li>

<li><a href="Asayish_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Syria)">Asayiş</a></li></ul>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Jabhat al-Akrad</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-blogs.mediapart.fr-10">[6]</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> (MFS)</li>

<li><a href="Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li>

<li><a href="Khabour_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabour Guards">Khabour Guards</a></li></ul>

</li></ul>

</div>

<a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Batallion</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">Marxist–Leninist Communist Party</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Liberation Army</a>

</li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Arab tribesmen</div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sharabiyya tribe (Ras al-'Ayn area)<a href="#cite_note-haras-oct2013-13">[9]</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Zubayd tribe (Ras al-'Ayn area)<a href="#cite_note-haras-oct2013-13">[9]</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Shammar tribe (Ya'rubiyah area)<a href="#cite_note-mixed_areas-14">[10]</a></li></ul>

</div>

<hr>

<a href="Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> <a href="Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"></a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> <a href="Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a>

</li></ul>

</div>

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> <a href="Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Turkish allied Syrian opposition</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (From 2017)

<ul><li> <a href="13th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="13th Division (Syrian rebel group)">13th Division</a></li>

<li> <a href="Knights_of_Justice_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Justice Brigade">Knights of Justice Brigade</a></li>

<li> <a href="Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades" title="Syrian Turkmen Brigades">Syrian Turkmen Brigades</a></li></ul>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a>

<ul><li> <a href="Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a></li>

<li> <a href="Ansar_al-Sham" title="Ansar al-Sham">Ansar al-Sham</a></li></ul>

</li></ul>

</div></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Diwan al-Jund</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> <a href="Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

14,691 killed<a href="#cite_note-cas2024-15">[11]</a>

<hr>

<a href="Syria" title="Syria"></a> 245 killed<a href="#cite_note-20">[e]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a> 140 killed<a href="#cite_note-24">[i]</a>

1,185 killed<a href="#cite_note-28">[m]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">

9,158 killed<a href="#cite_note-29">[16]</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Syria" title="Syria"></a> 561 killed<a href="#cite_note-31">[n]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;">

478 civilians killed by SDF, 974 by Turkey, 2,409 by Syrian Opposition<a href="#cite_note-cas2024-15">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rojava_conflict(Syrian_civil_war)7291" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Rojava_conflict(Syrian_civil_war)7291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> (<a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2012

<ul><li><a href="2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">1st Aleppo</a></li></ul>

2013

<ul><li><a href="Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">1st Tell Abyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">1st Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li></ul>

2014

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">1st Kobanî</a></li>

<li><a href="American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul>

2015

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">2nd Tell Abyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobani</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces#Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Inner-SDF</a></li>

<li><a href="Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">1st al-Qamishli</a></li></ul>

2016

<ul><li><a href="2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Wusta</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">3rd Tell Abyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">2nd al-Qamishli</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij</a></li>

<li><a href="July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd al-Qamishli</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li>

<li><a href="Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa</a></li></ul>

2017

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li>

<li><a href="April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">Turkish airstrikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa City</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern insurgency</a></li></ul>

2018

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li>

<li><a href="SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">Northern Aleppo insurgency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">4th al-Qamishli</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul>

2019

<ul><li><a href="2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">2nd Manbij</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Rojava offensive</a>

2020

<ul><li><a href="2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes</a></li></ul>

2021

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">5th al-Qamishli & 4th al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">6th al-Qamishli</a></li></ul>

2022

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">5th al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li></ul>

2023

<ul><li><a href="June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">Turkish Airstrikes</a></li>

2024

<ul><li><a href="2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">Deterrence of Aggression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">8th Aleppo</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dawn_of_Freedom" title="Operation Dawn of Freedom">Dawn of Freedom</a>

<ul><li><a href="2024_Kobani_clashes" title="2024 Kobani clashes">3rd Kobanî</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

2025</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

The Rojava Conflict, also known as the Rojava Revolution, is a political upheaval and military conflict taking place in northern <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, known among Kurds as <a href="Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan or Rojava</a>.

During the <a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> that began in 2011, a Kurdish-dominated coalition led by the <a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> as well as some other <a href="Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>, <a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, <a href="Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>, and <a href="Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a> groups have sought to establish a new <a href="Constitution_of_the_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">constitution</a> for the de facto autonomous region, while military wings and allied militias have fought to maintain control of the region. This led to the establishment of the <a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-32">[18]</a>

Supporters of the Kurdish movement argue that the events constitute a <a href="Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-secular-utopia-33">[19]</a> with a prominent role played by women both on the battlefield and within the newly formed political system, as well as the implementation of <a href="Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a>, a form of <a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> that emphasizes decentralization, gender equality and the need for local governance through <a href="Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demcon-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-secular-utopia-33">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds in Syria</a>, <a href="Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a>, and <a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_discrimination">State discrimination</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></div>

Repression of the Kurds and other ethnic minorities has gone on since the creation of the <a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate for Syria</a> after the 1916 <a href="Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-remmm.revues.org-34">[20]</a> The Syrian government never officially acknowledged the existence of the Kurds<a href="#cite_note-remmm.revues.org-34">[20]</a> and in 1962, 120,000 Syrian Kurds were stripped of their citizenship, leaving them <a href="Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-silenced-kurds-35">[21]</a> The <a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a> and culture have also been suppressed. The government attempted to resolve these issues in 2011 by granting all Kurds citizenship, but only an estimated 6,000 out of 150,000 stateless Kurds have been given nationality and most discriminatory regulations, including the ban on teaching Kurdish, are still on the books.<a href="#cite_note-36">[22]</a> Due to the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, the government is no longer in a position to enforce these laws.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qamishli_riots">Qamishli riots</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></div>

In 2004, <a href="2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">riots broke out</a> against the government in the northeastern city of <a href="Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>. During a soccer match between a local Kurdish team and a visiting Arab team from <a href="Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>, some Arab fans brandished portraits of <a href="Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, who killed tens of thousands of Kurds in Southern Kurdistan during the <a href="Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a> in the 1980s. Tensions quickly escalated into open protests, with Kurds raising <a href="Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">their flag</a> and taking to the streets to demand cultural and political rights. Security forces fired into the crowd, killing six Kurds, including three children. Protesters went on to burn down the Ba'ath Party's local office. At least 30 and as many as 100 Kurds were killed by the government before the protests were quelled. Thousands of Kurds then fled to Iraq, where a refugee camp was established. Occasional clashes between Kurdish protesters and government forces occurred in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-37">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[24]</a>

<a href="Mashouq_al-Khaznawi" title="Mashouq al-Khaznawi">Mashouq al-Khaznawi</a>, a very influential Kurdish sheikh, was killed in 2005 due to his increasing activism which began during the 2004 Qamishli uprisings. He was described as the "center" of the 2004 uprisings and was considered a threat by the Syrian government, who killed him and sparked outrage among Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-:02-39">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_path_to_self-governed_Rojava">The path to self-governed Rojava</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3></div>

In 2011, the <a href="Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> spread to Syria. In an echo of the <a href="Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a>, Syrian citizen Hasan Ali Akleh soaked himself in gasoline and set himself on fire in the northern city of <a href="Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>. This inspired activists to call for a "Day of Rage", which was sparsely attended, mostly because of fear of repression from the Syrian government. Days later, however, protests again took place, this time in response to the police beating of a shopkeeper.<a href="#cite_note-40">[26]</a>

Smaller protests continued, and on 7 March 2011, thirteen political prisoners went on hunger strike, and momentum began to grow against the Assad government. Three days later dozens of Syrian Kurds went on hunger strike in solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-Jailed_Kurds-41">[27]</a> On 12 March, major protests took place in <a href="Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> and Al-Hasakah to both protest the Assad government and commemorate <a href="2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Kurdish Martyrs Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taking-to-the-streets-42">[28]</a>

Protests grew over the months of March and April 2011. The Assad government attempted to appease Kurds by promising to grant citizenship to thousands of Kurds, who until that time had been stripped of any legal status.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz2Apr11-43">[29]</a> By the summer, protests had only intensified, as did violent crackdowns by the Syrian government.

In August, a coalition of opposition groups formed the <a href="Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a> in hopes of creating a democratic, pluralistic alternative to the Assad government. But internal fighting and disagreement over politics and inclusion plagued the group from its beginnings. In the fall of 2011 the popular uprising escalated to an armed conflict. The <a href="Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) began to coalesce and armed insurrection spread, largely across central and southern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-44">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish_parties_negotiate">Kurdish parties negotiate</h3></div>

The National Movement of Kurdish Parties in Syria, a coalition of Syria's 12 Kurdish parties, boycotted a Syrian opposition summit in <a href="Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, Turkey on 31 May 2011, stating that "any such meeting held in Turkey can only be a detriment to the Kurds in Syria, because Turkey is against the aspirations of the Kurds".<a href="#cite_note-45">[31]</a>

During the August summit in <a href="Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, which led to the creation of the <a href="Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a>, only two of the parties in the National Movement of Kurdish Parties in Syria, the Kurdish Union Party and the Kurdish Freedom Party, attended the summit.<a href="#cite_note-46">[32]</a>

Anti-government protests had been ongoing in the Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria since March 2011, as part of the wider <a href="Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Revolution">Syrian uprising</a>, but clashes started after the opposition <a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Kurdish Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD) and <a href="Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (KNC) signed a seven-point agreement on 11 June 2012 in <a href="Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> under the auspice of <a href="Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> president <a href="Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>. This agreement, however, failed to be implemented and so a new cooperation agreement between the two sides was signed on 12 July which saw the creation of the <a href="Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a> as a governing body of all Kurdish-controlled territories in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-47">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YPG_claims_territory">YPG claims territory</h3></div>

The <a href="People's_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) entered the conflict by capturing the city of <a href="Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> on 19 July 2012, followed by the capture of <a href="Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a> and <a href="Afrin%2C_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Efrîn</a> on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-liberated-50">[36]</a> The cities fell without any major clashes, as Syrian security forces withdrew without any significant resistance.<a href="#cite_note-liberated-50">[36]</a> The Syrian Army pulled out to fight elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-51">[37]</a> The KNC and PYD then formed a joint leadership council to run the captured cities.

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="Politics_of_the_Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Politics of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 0 solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Symbols_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Symbols of North and East Syria">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag of Kurdistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag of Syria</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Constitution of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Human rights in the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature and Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Council_(Rojava)" title="Executive Council (Rojava)">Executive Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">March 2015 (Local)</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">September 2017 (Local)</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">December 2017 (Regional)</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_Rojava_local_elections" title="2024 Rojava local elections">August 2024 (Local)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD)</li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a> (SUP)</li>

<li><a href="Law%E2%80%93Citizenship%E2%80%93Rights_Movement" title="Law–Citizenship–Rights Movement">Law–Citizenship–Rights Movement</a> (QMH)</li>

<li><a href="Syrian_National_Democratic_Alliance" title="Syrian National Democratic Alliance">Syrian National Democratic Alliance</a> (SNDA)</li>

<li><a href="Honor_and_Rights_Convention" title="Honor and Rights Convention">Honor and Rights Convention</a> (HRC)</li>

<li><a href="Kongreya_Star" title="Kongreya Star">Kongreya Star</a> (YS)</li>

<li>Arab National Coalition (ANC)</li>

<li><a href="Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDP-S)</li>

<li>Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party (PDKS 1970)</li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_Democratic_Unity_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Unity Party">Kurdish Democratic Unity Party</a> (PYDKS or Yek-Dem)</li>

<li>Syrian Democratic Society (SDS)</li>

<li>Democratic Modernity Party (DM)</li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba'ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a> (PB-ASD)</li>

<li>Left Party of Syrian Kurds (LPSK)</li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a> (PDPKS)</li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Party</a> (ADP)</li>

<li>Syrian Kurds' Democratic Peace Party (PADKS)</li>

<li>Democratic Transformation Party (DT)</li>

<li>Kurdistan Liberal Union Party (PYLK)</li>

<li>Kurdish Democratic Accord Party (Wifaq)</li>

<li>Syrian Reform Movement (Islah)</li>

<li><a href="Yazidi_House" title="Yazidi House">Yazidi House</a> (Êzîdî)</li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac National Council</a> (SNC)</li>

<li>Patriotic Initiative (PI)</li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Party alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li>Democratic Nation List (LND)/<a href="Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM)</li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a> (HNKS)</li>

<li>Assembly for Democracy and the Left (KDCK)</li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (ENKS)</li>

<li><a href="Syria's_Tomorrow_Movement" title="Syria's Tomorrow Movement">Syria's Tomorrow Movement</a> (TM)</li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Administrative regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin Region</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="AANES%E2%80%93Ba'athist_Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Ba'athist Syria relations">Ba'athist Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="YPG%E2%80%93FSA_relations" title="YPG–FSA relations">Free Syrian Army</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rojava%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Rojava–Kurdistan Region relations">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

The YPG forces continued with their advancement and on 21 July captured <a href="Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a> (<a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Dêrika Hemko), which lies 10 kilometers from the Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-52">[38]</a> The forces at the time also intended to capture <a href="Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, the largest Syrian city with a Kurdish majority.<a href="#cite_note-53">[39]</a> On the same day, the Syrian government attacked a patrol of Kurdish YPG members and wounded one fighter.<a href="#cite_note-54">[40]</a> The next day it was reported that Kurdish forces were still fighting for Al-Malikiyah, where one young Kurdish activist was killed after government security forces opened fire on protesters. The YPG also took control over the towns of <a href="Ras_al-Ayn%2C_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a> (<a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Serê Kaniyê) and <a href="Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">Al-Darbasiyah</a> (<a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Dirbêsiyê), after the security and political units withdrew from these areas, following an ultimatum issued by the Kurds. On the same day, clashes erupted in Qamishli between YPG and government forces in which one Kurdish fighter was killed and two were wounded along with one government official.<a href="#cite_note-casualties-55">[41]</a>

On 24 July, the PYD announced that Syrian security forces had withdrawn from the small Kurdish city of 16,000 of <a href="Al-Ma'bada" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'bada">Al-Ma'bada</a> (<a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Girkê Legê), between Al-Malikiyah and the Turkish borders. The YPG forces then took control of all government institutions.<a href="#cite_note-girkelege-56">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_government_established">Autonomous government established</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></div>

On 1 August 2012, state security forces on the periphery of the country were pulled into the intensifying <a href="Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">battle</a> taking place in <a href="Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. During this large withdrawal from the north, the YPG took control of at least parts of <a href="Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, <a href="Afrin%2C_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Efrin</a>, <a href="Amuda" title="Amuda">Amude</a>, <a href="Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">Dirbesiye</a> and <a href="Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> with very little conflict or casualties.<a href="#cite_note-57">[43]</a>

On 2 August 2012, the <a href="National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a> announced that most Kurdish-majority cities in Syria, except <a href="Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> and <a href="Hasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasaka">Hasaka</a>, were no longer controlled by government forces and were now being governed by Kurdish political parties.<a href="#cite_note-58">[44]</a> In Qamishli, government military and police forces remained in their barracks and administration officials in the city allowed the <a href="Kurdish_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish flag">Kurdish flag</a> to be raised.<a href="#cite_note-59">[45]</a>

After months of de facto rule, the PYD officially announced its regional autonomy on 9 January 2014. Elections were held, popular assemblies established and the <a href="Constitution_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Rojava">Constitution of Rojava</a> was approved. Since then, residents organized local assemblies, reopened schools, established community centers, and helped push back the <a href="Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) to gain control of almost all land in Syria east of the <a href="Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river. They see their model of grassroots democracy as one that can be implemented throughout Syria in the future.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_revolution">Social revolution</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Human_rights_in_the_DAANES" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the DAANES">Human rights in the DAANES</a></div>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #ed0707; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li>

<li><a href="Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li>

<li><a href="Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Lefort</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Pallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li>

<li><a href="Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Pi i Margall</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<dl><dt>Anarchist tendencies</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Communist</a></li>

<li><a href="Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Marxist tendencies</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chaulieu–Montal tendency</a></li>

<li><a href="Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Other tendencies</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarian_municipalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian municipalism">Libertarian municipalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="International_Workingmen's_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a>

<ul><li><a href="Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Korean_People's_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li>

<li><a href="New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a>

<ul><li><a href="MAREZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAREZ">MAREZ</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rojava_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a>

<ul><li><a href="AANES" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES">AANES</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #ed0707; border-bottom:1px solid #ed0707;">

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AAnarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ALibertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ASocialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

After declaring autonomy, grassroots organizers, politicians and other community members have radically changed the social and political make-up of the area. The extreme laws restricting independent political organizing, women's freedom, religious and cultural expression and the discriminatory policies carried out by the Assad government have been superseded. In their place, a <a href="Constitution_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Rojava">Constitution of Rojava</a> guaranteeing the cultural, religious and political freedom of all people has been established. The constitution also explicitly states the equal rights and freedom of women and also "mandates public institutions to work towards the elimination of gender discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-secular-utopia-33">[19]</a>

The political and social changes taking place in Rojava have in large part been inspired by the <a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a> politics of Kurdish leader <a href="Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-secular-utopia-33">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_economy">Cooperative economy</h3></div>

The Rojava economy is a blend of private companies, the autonomous administration and <a href="Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>. Since the revolution, efforts have been made to transition the economy to one of self-sufficiency based on worker and producer cooperatives. This transition faces the major obstacles of ongoing conflict and an embargo from all neighboring countries: Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and the various forces controlling nearby areas of Syria. This has forced people to rely almost exclusively on diesel-run generators for electricity. Additionally, strong emphasis is being placed on businesses that can bring about self-sufficiency to the region.

There were at first no <a href="Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">direct</a> or <a href="Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">indirect</a> <a href="Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> on people or businesses in the region;<a href="#cite_note-60">[46]</a> Instead the administration funded itself mainly through the sale of oil and other natural resources and <a href="Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on border commerce (which is clandestine because of the embargo).<a href="#cite_note-61">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-diclenews.com-62">[48]</a> However, in July 2017, it was reported that the administration in the <a href="Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> had started to collect <a href="Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> to provide for public services in the region.<a href="#cite_note-63">[49]</a> There are partnerships that have been created between private companies and the administration. The administration also funds the school system and distributes bread to all citizens at a below-market rate.<a href="#cite_note-Rojava's_Threefold_Economy-64">[50]</a>

The <a href="Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> Economic Committee has been helping businesses move towards a "community economy" based on worker cooperatives and self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Rojava's_Threefold_Economy-64">[50]</a>

Other cooperatives involve bottled mineral water, construction, factories, fuel stations, generators, livestock, oil, pistachio and roasted seeds, and public markets.

Additionally there are several agricultural communes with families collectively working the land.<a href="#cite_note-65">[51]</a>

According to the region's "Ministry of Economics", by 2015, approximately three-quarters of all property had been placed under community ownership and a third of production had been transferred to direct management by <a href="Workers'_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_democracy">Direct democracy</h3></div>

The Rojava Cantons are governed through a combination of district and civil councils. District councils consist of 300 members as well as two elected co-presidents, one man and one woman. District councils decide and carry out administrative and economic duties such as garbage collection, land distribution and cooperative enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-67">[53]</a> Civil councils exist to promote social and political rights in the community.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_minority_rights">Ethnic minority rights</h3></div>

Closely related to religious freedom and the protection of religious minorities is the protection of ethnic minorities. Kurds now have the right to study their language freely, as do Assyrians. For the first time, a Kurdish curriculum has been introduced to the public school system.

Residents are also now free to express their culture freely. Culture and music centers have formed, hosting dance classes, music lessons and choir practice.<a href="#cite_note-68">[54]</a>

In some areas, in addition to the gender quota for councils, there is also an ethnic minority quota.<a href="#cite_note-69">[55]</a>

There has been, however, numerous instances of discrimination toward Assyrians, including policies of seizing the property of Assyrians who had to flee due to conflict, and numerous instances of attacks against the Assyrian minority.<a href="#cite_note-70">[56]</a> Kurdish authorities have also shut down privately run Assyrian schools ostensibly to protect students from "exorbitant tuition costs".<a href="#cite_note-71">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restorative_justice">Restorative justice</h3></div>

Rojava's criminal justice system incorporates principles of <a href="Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restorative justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[60]</a> Reconciliation Committees have replaced the Syrian government court system in several cities.<a href="#cite_note-75">[61]</a> Committees are representative of the ethnic diversity in their respective area. For example, the committee in <a href="Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> has Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen and Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-76">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women’s_revolution_in_Rojava">Women’s revolution in Rojava</h4></div>

<a href="Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a> is famous for its attempt at overcoming <a href="Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a> and improving <a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[63]</a> In the Rojava Revolution, women's participation has achieved a lot of media attention in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-78">[64]</a> A lot of <a href="Kurdish_women" title="Kurdish women">Kurdish women</a> bound their power, gathered their weapons, and served in the mobile company of the <a href="Women's_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ) on the front line in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-79">[65]</a> The revolution in Rojava is mainly caused by the underlying dominant ideology, namely a secular egalitarian <a href="Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-80">[66]</a> Influenced by the ideology of <a href="Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, women have taken up their arms and have been fighting for a liberated <a href="Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>. Ideologies that include an active fight for gender equality lead to the equal inclusion of women in military positions.<a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-80">[66]</a>

Within the Kurdish forces, and especially regarding its leadership positions, there is an unprecedentedly high prevalence of female fighters.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[67]</a> The YPJ is a unique case where women embody a substantial part of the overall military force. The traditional belief, that combat is a male-dominated area and women simply are victims of that fact, is thereby compromised.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[67]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jineology">Jineology</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></div>

A strong political ideology, namely the Democratic Autonomy concept of <a href="Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, has had a major impact on female empowerment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[63]</a> Öcalan, political activist and founder of the <a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a>, has the belief that a society needs to make decisions with consent from all members.<a href="#cite_note-Öcalan_2017-82">[68]</a> A nation should be based on this kind of <a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, as well as ecology and women's freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Öcalan_2017-82">[68]</a> Öcalan brought the concept of <a href="Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a> to life, which encouraged a move away from <a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-83">[69]</a> Within this concept, <a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, specifically <a href="Jineology" title="Jineology">jineology</a> (the science of women), is central to the social revolution taking place in <a href="Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>. The Democratic Autonomy concept has been modified to the ongoing conflict in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[63]</a> All <a href="People's_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">YPG</a> and <a href="Women's_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> fighters and <a href="Asayish_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Syria)">Asayish</a> have the study of jineology as part of their training, and it is also taught in community centers.<a href="#cite_note-84">[70]</a> In 2017, the <a href="University_of_Rojava" title="University of Rojava">University of Rojava</a> established the department of <a href="Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a> integrated in Languages and Social Studies Faculty.<a href="#cite_note-85">[71]</a> The aim was to "teach the reality of life and women and redefine them and achieve changes in the mentality of the society".<a href="#cite_note-86">[72]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_revolution">Legal revolution</h4></div>

Aside from the military victories, <a href="Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a> is the witness of a legal revolution. Since the war broke out there have been multiple legal changes regarding <a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[73]</a> In the Social Contract of the Autonomous Regions of <a href="Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobane</a>, <a href="Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a> and <a href="Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a>, formulated in 2014, it is stated that women and men have the same rights.<a href="#cite_note-88">[74]</a> Much of the focus of the revolution has been on addressing the extreme levels of <a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence</a> which women in the area have endured,<a href="#cite_note-89">[75]</a> as well as increasing women's leadership in all political institutions. To illustrate, the authority of Rojava has come up with an initiative to install a 40% quota representation of women in every organization and institution.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-gender-90">[76]</a> This has the consequence that in every layer of government, from a local organization to the parliament, women must be assigned as vice presidents or co-presidents.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[73]</a> Also, efforts are being made to reduce cases of <a href="Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">underage marriage</a>, <a href="Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and <a href="Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a>, both socially as well as through legislation forbidding these practices.<a href="#cite_note-91">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women’s_Protection_Unit_(YPJ)">Women’s Protection Unit (YPJ)</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Women's_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></div>In the 1980s, <a href="Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political organizations</a> began recruiting women for their political and military ranks. An example of such a political organization was the <a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdish Workers Party</a>, the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-:1-83">[69]</a> The extent to which women participate in the PKK and the <a href="YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> demonstrates the outstanding roles they have had in the battle with <a href="Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[78]</a> The YPG can be seen as the <a href="National_liberation_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation movements">National Liberation Movement</a> and the women from the YPJ have been fighting side by side with them. Both forces, YPJ and YPG, are under the control and command of the <a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD).<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[73]</a> Their combaters are trained both militarily and educationally, as they are introduced to the political thought of Öcalan and <a href="Jineology" title="Jineology">jineology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[79]</a> The Rojava Model perceives women as revolutionary operators who fight for improving democratic values. Women not only stimulate emancipation in society but further tackle the system which allows men to have internalized hegemony over women.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[63]</a> Therefore, women are highly visible as female fighters in the YPJ against ISIS.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_houses">Women's houses</h4></div>

In every town and village under YPG control, a women's house is established. These are community centers run by women, providing services to survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault and other forms of harm. These services include counseling, family mediation, legal support, and coordinating safe houses for women and children.<a href="#cite_note-gender-90">[76]</a> Classes on economic independence and social empowerment programs are also held at women's houses.<a href="#cite_note-94">[80]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_freedom">Religious freedom</h3></div>

The right to religious expression is also safeguarded in the constitution. This, as well as the extreme hostility towards religious minorities in Islamist controlled areas, has led to a large migration of religious minorities to Rojava.<a href="#cite_note-95">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_and_conflicts">Relations and conflicts</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Rojava">Foreign relations of Rojava</a></div>

There are four major forces involved in the Rojava revolution. The <a href="People's_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> are working with the PYD and other political parties to establish self-rule in Rojava. Syrian government forces still maintain rule in some areas of Rojava under the leadership of the Assad government. A collection of Sunni Islamist forces, the largest being the <a href="Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL), fought to rule the region by way of <a href="Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>. Finally, there were several militias under the general banner of the <a href="Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> whose intentions and alliances have differed and shifted over time.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rojava–Syrian_government_relations_and_conflicts">Rojava–Syrian government relations and conflicts</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="AANES%E2%80%93Ba'athist_Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Ba'athist Syria relations">AANES–Ba'athist Syria relations</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></div>

While conflict between the YPG and the Syrian government has not been as active as fighting against Islamist forces, there have been several conflicts between the two forces. Territory once controlled by the Syrian government in both <a href="Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> and <a href="Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a> has been taken over by YPG forces. At the end of April 2016, clashes erupted between government forces and YPG fighters for control of Qamishli.<a href="#cite_note-96">[82]</a>

As of the beginning of August 2016, YPG fighters controlled two-thirds of the northeastern city of al-Hasakah, while pro-government militias controlled the remainder. On 17 August 2016, heavy clashes broke out between YPG fighters and the pro-government militias, resulting in the deaths of four civilians, four Kurdish fighters, and three government loyalists. On 18 August, Syrian government aircraft bombed YPG positions in Hasakah, including three YPG checkpoints and three YPG bases. Syrian Kurds had recently demanded that the pro-government <a href="National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defense Forces</a> militia disband in al-Hasakah. A government source told the AFP that the air strikes were "a message to the Kurds that they should stop this sort of demand that constitutes an affront to national sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-97">[83]</a> Another possible factor behind the fighting may have been the recent thaw in Turkish–Russian relations that began in July 2016; Russia, a key ally of the Syrian government, had previously been supporting Syrian Kurdish forces as a means to apply pressure to Turkey. After the recent territorial defeat of ISIL in Syria and Iraq and improvements in the Turkish–Russian relationship, it is possible that Russia and its allies began to view a strong YPG as increasingly less useful.<a href="#cite_note-auto-98">[84]</a> In response to the attacks by the Syrian aircraft on Kurdish positions near al-Hasakah, the United States scrambled planes over the city in order to deter further attacks.<a href="#cite_note-auto-98">[84]</a> By 22 August, Syrian government troops, <a href="Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> fighters, and members of the Iranian paramilitary <a href="Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> militia had become involved in the fighting against Kurdish forces in al-Hasakah.<a href="#cite_note-auto-98">[84]</a>

In October 2023, in response to <a href="Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq%2C_Jordan%2C_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">a series drone strikes on U.S. bases in Syria and Iraq</a>, the Kurdish forces fight Syrian militias. 3 Kurdish militiamen and 19 Syrian militiamen were killed while 20 Syrian militiamen were injured.<a href="#cite_note-99">[85]</a>

In the context of the <a href="2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">2024 opposition offensives</a> in Syria and the <a href="Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">downfall of the Assad regime</a>, SDF forces took part in the <a href="Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">battle of Aleppo</a>, expanding their control of the <a href="Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a> area, as well as <a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)">taking territory</a> across the <a href="Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a>, seizing <a href="Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[86]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_relations_and_conflicts_in_Rojava">Internal relations and conflicts in Rojava</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria#Politics" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria § Politics</a>, <a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Rojava">List of political parties in Rojava</a>, and <a href="Human_rights_in_the_DAANES" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the DAANES">Human rights in the DAANES</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces#Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces § Reported internal conflict between SDF factions</a>, and <a href="YPG%E2%80%93FSA_relations" title="YPG–FSA relations">YPG–FSA relations</a></div>

On 28 December 2012, Syrian government forces opened fire on pro-FSA demonstrators in <a href="Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a> city, killing and wounding several individuals. Arab tribes in the area attacked YPG positions in the city in reprisal, stating the Kurdish fighters were collaborating with the government. Clashes broke out, and three Arabs were killed, though it was not clear whether they were killed by YPG forces or nearby government troops.<a href="#cite_note-101">[87]</a> Demonstrations were organised by various Kurdish groups throughout northeastern Syria in late December as well. PYD supporters drove vehicles at low speeds through a KNC demonstration in Qamishli, raising tensions between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-102">[88]</a>

From 2 to 4 January, PYD-led demonstrators staged protests in the al-Antariyah neighbourhood of Qamishli, demanding "freedom and democracy" for both Kurds and Syrians. Many activists camped out on site. On 4 January, approximately 10,000 people were participating in the rallies, which also included smaller numbers of supporters of other Kurdish parties,<a href="#cite_note-103">[89]</a> such as the KNC, which staged a rally in the Munir Habib neighbourhood. PYD organisers had planned for 100,000 people to participate, but such support did not materialise. The demonstrations were concurrent with rallies conducted across the country by the Arab opposition, though Kurdish parties did not use the same slogans as the Arabs, and also did not the same slogans amongst their own parties. Kurds also demonstrated in several other towns, but not across the entire Kurdish region.<a href="#cite_note-104">[90]</a>

Meanwhile, several armed incidents occurred between the dominant PYD-YPG and other Kurdish parties in the region, particularly the Kurdish Union ("Yekîtî") Party, part of a Kurdish political coalition called the <a href="Kurdish_Democratic_Political_Union" title="Kurdish Democratic Political Union">Kurdish Democratic Political Union</a> formed on 15 December 2012, which excludes the PYD.<a href="#cite_note-105">[91]</a> On 3 January, PYD gunmen staged a drive-by shooting on a Yekîtî office in Qamishli. Armed Yekîtî members returned fire, injuring one PYD member.<a href="#cite_note-106">[92]</a> The same day, armed clashes broke out between YPG fighters and members of the newly formed Jiwan Qatna Battalion of Yekîtî in ad-Darbasiyah. Four Yekîtî members were abducted by the YPG, who said they were affiliated with Islamist groups, though Yekîtî activists stated that the PYD wanted to prevent other Kurdish groups from arming themselves. Following demonstrations in the town demanding their release and an intervention by the KNC, the four men were released by the end of the day.<a href="#cite_note-107">[93]</a> On 11 January, YPG forces raided an empty Yekîtî training ground near Ali Faru which had been built in early January, tearing down both the Kurdish and FSA flags that had been flying at the base. Though PYD members defended the raid by saying that the flags could have attracted government airstrikes, Yekîtî condemned the action.<a href="#cite_note-108">[94]</a>

On 31 January, Kamal Mustafa Hanan, editor-in-chief of Newroz (a Kurdish-language journal) and a former Yekîtî politician, was fatally shot in the Ashrafiyah district of Aleppo. It was not clear if he was the victim of a stray bullet or of a politically motivated assassination. Yekîtî organised a funeral procession in the town of <a href="Afrin%2C_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> in the Kurdish-held northwest corner of Aleppo Province on 1 February, which members of both the PYD and KNC attended.<a href="#cite_note-109">[95]</a> Also on 1 February, Kurds staged demonstrations in several towns and villages across West Kurdistan concurrent with opposition demonstrations elsewhere in the country. The demonstrations were organised by various Kurdish groups, including the PYD and KNC. Demonstrators from the KNC demanded an end to fighting in Ras al-Ayn and the withdrawal of armed groups from the town, while PYD demonstrators stressed solidarity with their YPG units and the Kurdish Supreme Council.<a href="#cite_note-110">[96]</a>

From 2 to 5 February, YPG forces blockaded the village of Kahf al-Assad (<a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Banê Şikeftê), inhabited by members of the Kurdish Kherikan tribe, after being fired upon by unknown gunmen in the village. YPG checkpoints were also established around other Kherikan villages. The Kherikan are traditionally supporters of the <a href="Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a> government of <a href="Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, and as oppose the PYD. The blockade was the third time in two years that hostilities had broken out between the PYD/YPG and locals from Kahf al-Assad.<a href="#cite_note-111">[97]</a>

On 7 February, YPG members kidnapped three members of the opposition Azadî party in Ayn al-Arab.<a href="#cite_note-112">[98]</a>

On 22 February, <a href="Osman_Baydemir" title="Osman Baydemir">Osman Baydemir</a>, mayor of the city of <a href="Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> in Turkey, announced the initiation of a one-month humanitarian aid programme in which his city—along with the surrounding districts of <a href="Ba%C4%9Flar%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Bağlar, Diyarbakır">Bağlar</a>, <a href="Yeni%C5%9Fehir%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Yenişehir, Diyarbakır">Yenişehir</a>, <a href="Kayap%C4%B1nar%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Kayapınar, Diyarbakır">Kayapınar</a>, and <a href="Sur%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Sur, Diyarbakır">Sur</a>—would provide food assistance to Kurdish areas in Syria affected by the war, which had received little of the humanitarian aid that other regions of Syria had received.<a href="#cite_note-113">[99]</a>

On 11 April 2016, PYD supporters attacked the offices of the <a href="Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> and the <a href="Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> in Derbessiye and Qamishli.<a href="#cite_note-114">[100]</a> The head of the Kurdish National Council told Turkey's <a href="TRT_World" title="TRT World">TRT World</a> channel the "PYD's oppressive attitude in Syria is forcing Kurds to leave the region".<a href="#cite_note-115">[101]</a>

On 16 January 2017, more than 270 Syrian Kurdish activists signed an appeal calling for unity talks between the main Syrian Kurdish parties. In response, the <a href="Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> led by the PYD stated that they welcome unity and called on the Kurdish National Council to participate in federal project. The KNC led by the KDP-S, in response, demanded the release its political prisoners detained in Rojava. The KNC has rejected the federalism project launched by the <a href="Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> and stated that it will participate in the <a href="Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">peace talks</a> in <a href="Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, with Turkey and Russia. The <a href="Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a>, part of the SDC also welcomed the proposal of unity.<a href="#cite_note-116">[102]</a>

On 3 February 2017, amidst <a href="Sinjar_clashes_(2017)" title="Sinjar clashes (2017)">clashes</a> between the KDP-S-affiliated <a href="Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> group and the <a href="Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a> in Sinjar, a KNC office was burned in Qamishli and another attacked in Dirbêsiyê. The KNC said the pro-PYD youth group the Ciwanen Soresger was perpetrating the attacks. However, the perpetrators were reportedly arrested by the Asayish.<a href="#cite_note-117">[103]</a>

On 3 March 2017, the Rojava Asayish arrested more than 40 members of the KNC in Syria while the KDP Asayish arrested 23 opposition protesters in Iraqi Kurdistan. 17 of them were later released but 6 were still imprisoned. By 16 March, more than 13 KNC offices and an <a href="Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a> office in Rojava were shut down by Rojava Asayish forces, reportedly for failing to register with PYD authorities. In response, the <a href="Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> called on both sides to "immediately" release all "arbitrarily held political detainees".<a href="#cite_note-118">[104]</a> The <a href="Mesopotamia_National_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia National Council">Mesopotamia National Council</a> announced their support for TEV-DEM's requirement for parties to apply to licenses to operate in Rojava. However, the council also called for the self-management to give sufficient time for applications and denounced "random" closing of the parties' offices.<a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a>

On 3 April 2017, the Kurdish National Council called on the PYD to release 4 of its detainees: a <a href="Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement in Syria</a> member, a Kurdish Youth Movement member, and two KDP-S members. As of the same day, 6 detainees were still held by Iraqi Kurdish authorities.<a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a>

On 12 April 2017, an official in TEV-DEM met with <a href="Gabriel_Moushe_Gawrieh" title="Gabriel Moushe Gawrieh">Gabriel Moushe Gawrieh</a>, head of the <a href="Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a>, and discussed the closure of the latter's offices since March. It was the first time TEV-DEM officials met with the ADO.<a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rojava–Islamist_conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></div>

The <a href="Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a> is a major theater in the <a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, starting in 2013 after fighting erupted between the <a href="Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> <a href="People's_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) and <a href="Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> rebel factions in the city of <a href="Ras_al-Ayn%2C_al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah Governorate">Ras al-Ayn</a>. Kurdish forces launched a campaign in an attempt to take control of the Islamist-controlled areas in the <a href="Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">governorate</a> of <a href="Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Hasakah</a> and some parts of <a href="Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa</a> and <a href="Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> governorates after <a href="Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Qaeda in Syria</a> used those areas to attack the YPG. The Kurdish groups and their allies' goal was also to capture Kurdish areas from the <a href="Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> Islamist rebels and strengthen the autonomy of the region of <a href="Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a>

YPG forces as well as later the broader <a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) have clashed heavily with Islamist forces of all stripes in the following years, in particular with those representing the <a href="Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL). Including the <a href="Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a> (2014), the <a href="Al-Hasakah_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015)">Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015)</a>, the <a href="Al-Hasakah_offensive_(May_2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah offensive (May 2015)">Al-Hasakah offensive (May 2015)</a>, the <a href="Tell_Abyad_offensive_(May%E2%80%93July_2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Abyad offensive (May–July 2015)">Tell Abyad offensive (May–July 2015)</a>, the <a href="Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)</a>, the <a href="Battle_of_Al-Hasakah_(June%E2%80%93August_2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Hasakah (June–August 2015)">Battle of Al-Hasakah (June–August 2015)</a>, and the <a href="Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)</a> including the <a href="Battle_of_Tabqa_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tabqa (2017)">Battle of Tabqa (2017)</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rojava–Turkey_conflict">Rojava–Turkey conflict</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War § Turkey and SDF</a></div>

Turkey has long called the PYD as a Syrian extension of the <a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK), and has therefore taken a hardline stance against the group, the official talking point being that it would not allow a Kurdish state to form along their southern border with Syria. Turkey's policy towards Rojava is based on an economic blockade,<a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a> persistent attempts of international isolation,<a href="#cite_note-OIC-124">[110]</a> opposition to the cooperation of the international Anti-ISIL-coalition with Rojava militias,<a href="#cite_note-125">[111]</a> and support of <a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> Syrian Civil War parties hostile towards Rojava,<a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a> in past times even including ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-128">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[116]</a> Turkey has on several occasions been militarily attacking Rojava territory and defence forces.<a href="#cite_note-131">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a> The latter has resulted in some of the most clearcut instances of international solidarity with Rojava.<a href="#cite_note-Tastekin-134">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[122]</a>

Turkey received PYD co-chair <a href="Salih_Muslim" title="Salih Muslim">Salih Muslim</a> for talks in 2013<a href="#cite_note-137">[123]</a> and in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-138">[124]</a> even entertaining the idea of opening a Rojava representation office in <a href="Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> "if it's suitable with Ankara's policies".<a href="#cite_note-139">[125]</a> Turkey recognizes the PYD and the YPG militia as identical to the <a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK),<a href="#cite_note-140">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[129]</a> which is listed as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the United States and others. However, the EU, the US, and others cooperate with the PYD and the YPG militia in the fight against the <a href="Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) and do not designate either a terrorist organisation.<a href="#cite_note-YpgState-144">[130]</a> About its loss in international standing, the consequence of domestic and foreign policies of <a href="Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, the Turkish government is contemptuous.<a href="#cite_note-145">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[133]</a> The Turkish foreign minister called the PYD a "terrorist organisation" in his speech at the meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers of the 13th Islamic Summit of the <a href="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a> on 12 April 2016 at Istanbul, Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-OIC-124">[110]</a> In November 2016 a <a href="State_media" title="State media">state-run media organization</a> of Turkey, <a href="Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>, stated that the educational institutions of Rojava had "prejudice against Islam".<a href="#cite_note-148">[134]</a> U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="Ashton_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a> said there were links between the PYD, the YPG, and the PKK.<a href="#cite_note-149">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[137]</a> Secretary Carter replied, "Yes," to a <a href="US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">Senate</a> panel when Sen. <a href="Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> (R-SC) asked whether he believed the Syrian Kurds are "aligned or at least have substantial ties to the PKK".<a href="#cite_note-152">[138]</a> Rojava and YPG leaders state that the PKK is a separate organization.<a href="#cite_note-Ivan_Watson_and_Gul_Tuysuz-153">[139]</a> YPG representatives have persistently reiterated that their militia has an all Syrian agenda and no agenda of hostility whatsoever towards Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-154">[140]</a> However, according to the Turkish <a href="Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>, at one occasion in January 2016 "a YouTube video has appeared of an English-speaking man, reported to be a fighter from the Democratic Union Party's (PYD) armed wing, the People's Protection Units (YPG) (...) making a call for Westerners to join the ranks of the armed group and conduct terrorist attacks against the Turkish state."<a href="#cite_note-155">[141]</a> In the perception of much of the Turkish public, the Rojava federal project as well as U.S. support for the YPG against ISIL are elements of a wider conspiracy scheme by a "mastermind" with the aim to weaken or even dismember Turkey, in order to prevent its imminent rise as a global power.<a href="#cite_note-156">[142]</a>

Following YPG successes in 2015, including the capture of Tell Abyad, Turkey began targeting YPG forces in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-ypgrojava.com-157">[143]</a> On 16 February 2016, Turkish forces began shelling Kurdish forces in the <a href="Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin District</a> after the SDF took initiative from an SAA offensive and captured rebel-held areas of the Azaz District, including Tell Rifaat and Menagh Airbase. Turkey vowed not to allow the SDF to capture the key border town of <a href="Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a>. As a result, 25 Kurdish militants were killed and 197 injured from Turkish artillery fire.<a href="#cite_note-158">[144]</a> In early 2016, following the capture of Tishrin Dam, the <a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) were allowed to cross the Euphrates River, a proclaimed 'red line' by Turkey. Turkish forces bombed the Kurdish YPG headquarters in Tell Abyad, destroying three armoured vehicles and injuring two Kurdish fighters.<a href="#cite_note-159">[145]</a> The following day, 21 January 2016, Turkish troops crossed the border into Syria and entered the ISIL-controlled Syrian border town of Jarabulus which the YPG had been planning on capturing as part of an offensive to unite their areas of control into one continuous banner of territory. Kurdish-led forces in northern Syria said Turkish airstrikes hit their bases in Amarneh village near <a href="Jarablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus">Jarablus</a> on 27 August 2016, after Turkish artillery shelled the positions the day before.<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a> The Syrian Observatory reported on 27 August 2016, about exchange of gunfire between YPG and the Turkish forces in the countryside north of <a href="Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah">Hasakah</a>. It is unclear if Turkish forces were on Syrian territory or had fired across the border.<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a>

In March 2017, U.S. Lieutenant General <a href="Stephen_Townsend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Townsend">Stephen Townsend</a> said "I have seen absolutely zero evidence that they have been a threat to, or have supported any attacks on, Turkey from Northern Syria over the last two years." The top U.S. commander in the campaign against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) stated that the Peoples’ Protection Units (YPG), the military wing of the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), does not pose a threat to Turkey. "Of those YPG fighters, I’ve talked to their leaders and we’ve watched them operate and they continually reassure us that they have no desire to attack Turkey, that they are not a threat to Turkey, in fact that they desire to have a good working relationship with Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-162">[148]</a>

After the initiation of the <a href="2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">2024 Syrian opposition offenses</a> against the Assad regime, Turkey and the Turkish-backed <a href="Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (SNA) launched an offensive to capture territory from the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-:3-163">[149]</a> In December 2024, the SNA captured <a href="Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a> and <a href="Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> from SDF control.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-163">[149]</a> Following the <a href="Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a>, Turkish officials have demanded the elimination of the YPG, and Turkish President <a href="Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a> has threatened a military intervention if the autonomous region remains divided from the rest of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a> The <a href="Turkish_offensive_in_northern_Syria_(2024%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish offensive in northern Syria (2024–present)">Turkish offensive in northern Syria</a> has continued into 2025.<a href="#cite_note-167">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[154]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War">Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li>

<li><a href="Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)</a></li>

<li><a href="1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_women" title="Kurdish women">Kurdish women</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds" title="A Modern History of the Kurds">A Modern History of the Kurds</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-Ba'athist_Syria-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Ba'athist_Syria_2-0">^</a> The Assad regime both <a href="AANES%E2%80%93Ba'athist_Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Ba'athist Syria relations">clashed and cooperated</a> with Rojava during various stages of the conflict

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Russia-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russia_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russia_3-1">b</a> Russia has cooperated with Rojava during the <a href="Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)</a> and <a href="Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> while clashing it during the <a href="Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Syria-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Syria_4-0">^</a> The Assad regime both <a href="AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Syria relations">clashed and cooperated</a> with Rojava during various stages of the conflict

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> (ex-Free Syrian Army but still rebel allied brigade)

</li>

<ul><li>29 killed during <a href="Operation_Peace_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Peace Spring">Operation Peace Spring</a><a href="#cite_note-casps-16">[12]</a></li>

<li>91 killed during <a href="Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a><a href="#cite_note-casob-17">[13]</a></li>

<li>125 killed during <a href="Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a></li></ul>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<ul><li>2023: 9 killed<a href="#cite_note-21">[f]</a></li>

<li>2022: 14 killed<a href="#cite_note-22">[g]</a></li>

<li>2021: 10 killed<a href="#cite_note-23">[h]</a></li>

<li>11 killed during Operation Peace Spring<a href="#cite_note-casps-16">[12]</a></li>

<li>96 killed during Operation Olive Branch<a href="#cite_note-casob-17">[13]</a></li></ul>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<ul><li>2023: 113 killed<a href="#cite_note-25">[j]</a></li>

<li>2022: 65 killed<a href="#cite_note-26">[k]</a></li>

<li>2021: 30 killed<a href="#cite_note-27">[l]</a></li>

<li>355 killed during Operation Peace Spring<a href="#cite_note-casps-16">[12]</a></li>

<li>613 killed during Operation Olive Branch<a href="#cite_note-casob-17">[13]</a></li></ul>

</li>

<ul><li>7 killed during <a href="Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (2021)</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/214634/">[17]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3/434918/">[18]</a></li>

<li>11 killed during <a href="Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (2018)</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-qamishli/clashes-between-kurds-and-syrian-army-troops-leave-18-dead-idUSKCN1LO0JH/">[19]</a></li>

<li>68 killed during <a href="Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/84814/">[20]</a></li>

<li>77 killed during <a href="Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/ypg-releases-balance-sheet-of-war-for-august-16290">[21]</a></li>

<li>22 killed during <a href="Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (2016)</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-30">[17]</a></li>

<li>376 killed in 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://anfenglish.com/news/ypg-release-balance-sheet-of-war-for-2013-9037">[22]</a></li></ul>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/13112013">"PYD Announces Surprise Interim Government in Syria's Kurdish Reg"</a>. Rudaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225105734/http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/13112013">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFColella2017" class="citation web cs1">Colella, Chris (Winter 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.evergreen.edu/ccc/other/the-rojava-revolution/">"The Rojava Revolution: Oil, Water, and Liberation – Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation"</a>. Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation. <a href="Evergreen_State_College" title="Evergreen State College">Evergreen State College</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrichardKinnaPintaBerry2017" class="citation book cs1">Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, David, eds. (2017). "Preface". Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: <a href="PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62963-390-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-demcon-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demcon_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demcon_7-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vancouverobserver.com/opinion/rojava-syria-revolution-hope-and-healing.html">"Rojava, Syria: A revolution of hope and healing"</a>. The Vancouver Observer. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ara13sept-8"><a href="#cite_ref-ara13sept_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913032746/http://aranews.net/2014/09/ypg-fsa-launch-joint-military-operations-islamic-state-northern-syria/">"YPG and FSA launch joint military operations against Islamic State in northern Syria"</a>. ARA News. 13 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2014/09/ypg-fsa-launch-joint-military-operations-islamic-state-northern-syria/">the original</a> on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-blogs.mediapart.fr-10"><a href="#cite_ref-blogs.mediapart.fr_10-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/maxime-azadi/220713/al-qaida-subit-de-lourdes-pertes-face-aux-forces-kurdes">"Al-Qaeda suffered heavy losses against the Kurdish forces"</a>. 22 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725000512/http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/maxime-azadi/220713/al-qaida-subit-de-lourdes-pertes-face-aux-forces-kurdes">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/internationalist-freedom-brigade-established-in-rojava.html">"Internationalist Freedom Brigade Established in Rojava"</a>. Kurdish Question. 11 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719133709/http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/internationalist-freedom-brigade-established-in-rojava.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoore2015" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Harriet (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/article/52169/osint-summary-pro-kurdish-foreign-fighters-group-established-in-syria">"OSINT Summary: Pro-Kurdish foreign fighters group established in Syria"</a>. Jane's Terrorism and Security Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614103038/http://www.janes.com/article/52169/osint-summary-pro-kurdish-foreign-fighters-group-established-in-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-haras-oct2013-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haras-oct2013_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haras-oct2013_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaras2013" class="citation web cs1">Haras, Nicholas A. (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200038/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province">"The Battle for Syria's Al-Hasakah Province"</a>. Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mixed_areas-14"><a href="#cite_ref-mixed_areas_14-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvan_Wilgenburg2013" class="citation journal cs1">van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (13 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/52aef0e34.html">"Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict"</a>. Terrorism Monitor. 11 (23). Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324012016/http://www.refworld.org/docid/52aef0e34.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cas2024-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cas2024_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cas2024_15-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/328044/">"Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-casps-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casps_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casps_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casps_16-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84/347802/">"The Syrian Democratic Forces continue to comb the villages and sites to which the pro-Turkish factions advanced on the outskirts of Ain Issa"</a> (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-casob-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casob_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casob_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casob_17-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/121535/">"On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of "Olive Branch" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary"</a>. 6 February 2024. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/syria-army-kurds-push-islamic-state-out-of-hasakeh-city-report-1201578">"Syria Army, Kurds Push Islamic State Out of Hasakeh City: Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801022832/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/syria-army-kurds-push-islamic-state-out-of-hasakeh-city-report-1201578">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFjack" class="citation web cs1">jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925044759/http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/07/13-regime-forces-killed-and-wounded-in-al-hasakah-city/">"13 regime forces killed and wounded in al-Hasakah city"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/07/13-regime-forces-killed-and-wounded-in-al-hasakah-city/">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/145123/">"In one month, International Coalition limits its control to oil fields, and Russia becomes a new player in northern and northeastern Syria"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-reuters1-30"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters1_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011075634/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0XL0FH">"Kurdish forces to keep areas taken from Syrian government forces truce"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0XL0FH">the original</a> on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchmidinger" class="citation book cs1">Schmidinger, Thomas. Krieg und Revolution in Syrisch-Kurdistan: Analysen und Stimmen aus Rojava.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-secular-utopia-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secular-utopia_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secular-utopia_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secular-utopia_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secular-utopia_33-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFEnzinna2015" class="citation news cs1">Enzinna, Wes (24 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html?_r=0">"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128082823/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-remmm.revues.org-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-remmm.revues.org_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-remmm.revues.org_34-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGorgas,_Jordi_Tejel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gorgas, Jordi Tejel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remmm.revues.org/6481">"Les territoires de marge de la Syrie mandataire : le mouvement autonomiste de la Haute Jazîra, paradoxes et ambiguïtés d'une intégration " nationale " inachevée (1936–1939)"</a>. Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée (126). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fremmm.6481">10.4000/remmm.6481</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016173334/http://remmm.revues.org/6481">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hrw-silenced-kurds-35"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw-silenced-kurds_35-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Syria.htm">"The Silenced Kurds"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312084700/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Syria.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Mar-31/168622-minority-kurds-struggle-for-recognition-in-syrian-revolt.ashx#axzz21XpGFIlr">"Minority Kurds struggle for recognition in Syrian revolt"</a>. The Daily Star Lebanon. 31 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001234705/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Mar-31/168622-minority-kurds-struggle-for-recognition-in-syrian-revolt.ashx#axzz21XpGFIlr">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrandon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brandon, James (21 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1014&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=182&no_cache=1">"The PKK and Syria's Kurds"</a>. Terrorism Monitor. 5 (3). Washington, DC: The <a href="Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118114128/https://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1014&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=182&no_cache=1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIsseroff2004" class="citation web cs1">Isseroff, Ami (24 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000231.htm">"Kurdish agony – the forgotten massacre of Qamishlo"</a>. MideastWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009174243/http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000231.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:02-39"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_39-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStack2005" class="citation web cs1">Stack, Megan K. (14 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-14-fg-kurds14-story.html">"Cleric's Slaying a Rallying Cry for Kurds in Syria"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIddon" class="citation news cs1">Iddon, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/329590">"A recap of the Syrian crisis to date"</a>. Digital Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005235/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/329590">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jailed_Kurds-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Jailed_Kurds_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/3/syriakurd291.htm">"Jailed Kurds on Syria hunger strike: rights group"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 10 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202134319/http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/3/syriakurd291.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-taking-to-the-streets-42"><a href="#cite_ref-taking-to-the-streets_42-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKhatibLust2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lina_Khatib" title="Lina Khatib">Khatib, Lina</a>; Lust, Ellen (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Sh8AwAAQBAJ&q=qamishlo+protest+march+12%2C+2011&pg=PA161">Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism</a>. JHU Press. p. 161 of 368. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1421413136</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202134319/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Sh8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=qamishlo+protest+march+12,+2011&source=bl&ots=ORYo-JXMXG&sig=LzKtnTEU16F4Hb9tYF6JB6uMiyo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAmoVChMIseCWtNSExwIVSRWSCh2dqAAr#v=onepage&q=qamishlo%20protest%20march%2012%2C%202011&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-aljaz2Apr11-43"><a href="#cite_ref-aljaz2Apr11_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/20114211257594538.html">"Many arrested in Syria after protests"</a>. Al Jazeera. 2 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405193025/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/20114211257594538.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24403003">"Guide to the Syrian rebels"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 13 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610141415/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24403003">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFuruhashi2011" class="citation web cs1">Furuhashi, Yoshie (29 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2011/kb010611.html">"Syrian Kurdish Parties Boycott Syrian Opposition Conference in Antalya, Turkey"</a>. Monthly Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216224612/http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2011/kb010611.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917033604/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/3941.html">"Most Syrian Kurdish Parties Boycott Opposition Gathering"</a>. Rudaw. 29 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/3941.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723012730/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4964.html">"Syrian Kurds Try to Maintain Unity"</a>. Rudaw. 17 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4964.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513192725/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20110519/103075.shtml">"Syria: Massive protests in Qamishli, Homs"</a>. <a href="China_Network_Television" title="China Network Television">CNTV</a>. 19 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20110519/103075.shtml">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801020239/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5010.html">"Syrian Kurdish Official: Now Kurds are in Charge of their Fate"</a>. Rudaw. 27 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5010.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-liberated-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberated_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberated_50-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142617/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html">"More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area"</a>. Rudaw. 20 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE8A619520121107?irpc=932">"After quiet revolt, power struggle looms for Syria's Kurds"</a>. Mobile.reuters.com. 7 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011801/http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE8A619520121107?irpc=932">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802071420/http://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=4957">"City of Derik taken by Kurds in Northeast Syria"</a>. Firat news. 21 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=4957">the original</a> on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/21/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=hp_t2">"Ban: Syrian regime 'failed to protect civilians'"</a>. <a href="CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 22 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724002000/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/21/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=hp_t2">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/7/syriakurd542.htm">"Clashes between Kurds and Syrian army in the Kurdish city of Qamişlo, Western Kurdistan"</a>. Ekurd.net. 21 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729051102/http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/7/syriakurd542.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-casualties-55"><a href="#cite_ref-casualties_55-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAbdulmajid2012" class="citation news cs1">Abdulmajid, Adib (22 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724224808/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4984.html">"Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli"</a>. Rudaw. <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4984.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-girkelege-56"><a href="#cite_ref-girkelege_56-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121129100410/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4992.html">"Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria"</a>. Rudaw. 24 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/4992.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Wyre (27 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19021766">"Crisis in Syria emboldens country's Kurds"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803010926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19021766">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915073042/http://syrianncb.org/2012/08/02/pyd-press-release-a-call-for-support-and-protection-of-the-peaceful-establishment-the-self-governed-syrian-kurdish-region/">"PYD Press Release: A call for support and protection of the peaceful establishment, the self-governed Rojava region | هيئة التنسيق الوطنية لقوى التغيير الديمقراطي"</a>. Syrianncb.org. 24 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianncb.org/2012/08/02/pyd-press-release-a-call-for-support-and-protection-of-the-peaceful-establishment-the-self-governed-syrian-kurdish-region/">the original</a> on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petercliffordonline.com/syria/">"Syria – News"</a>. Peter Clifford Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819123243/http://www.petercliffordonline.com/syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperativeeconomy.info/the-economy-of-rojava/">"The Economy of Rojava"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035347/https://cooperativeeconomy.info/the-economy-of-rojava/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225093300/http://www.biehlonbookchin.com/poor-in-means/">"Poor in means but rich in spirit"</a>. Ecology or Catastrophe. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-diclenews.com-62"><a href="#cite_ref-diclenews.com_62-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diclenews.com/en/news/content/view/436354">"Efrîn Economy Minister Yousef: Rojava challenging norms of class, gender and power"</a>. Diclenews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203533/http://diclenews.com/en/news/content/view/436354">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWladimir_van_Wilgenburg2017" class="citation web cs1">Wladimir van Wilgenburg (11 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mesopotamia.coop/rojava-administration-to-impose-tax-system-in-northern-syria/">"Rojava Administration to Impose Tax System in Northern Syria"</a>. Co-operation in Mesopotamia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161801/https://mesopotamia.coop/rojava-administration-to-impose-tax-system-in-northern-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rojava's_Threefold_Economy-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rojava's_Threefold_Economy_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojava's_Threefold_Economy_64-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152441/http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/rojava-s-threefold-economy/675-rojava-s-threefold-economy.html">"Rojava's Threefold Economy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/rojava-s-threefold-economy/675-rojava-s-threefold-economy.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309104252/http://www.pasewan.com/English/Detail.aspx?Jimare=161">"The Experience of Co-operative Societies in Rojava"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasewan.com/English/Detail.aspx?Jimare=161">the original</a> on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution (1st ed.). Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness. 4 March 2015. <q>According to Dr. Ahmad Yousef, an economic co-minister, three-quarters of traditional private property is being used as commons and one quarter is still being owned by use of individuals...According to the Ministry of Economics, worker councils have only been set up for about one third of the enterprises in Rojava so far.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTax" class="citation web cs1">Tax, Meredith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-revolution-in-rojava">"The Revolution in Rojava"</a>. Dissent Magazin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906151104/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-revolution-in-rojava">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/a-kurdish-spring-in-syria/a-16828129">"A Kurdish Spring in Syria"</a>. DW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131212/http://www.dw.com/en/a-kurdish-spring-in-syria/a-16828129">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roarmag.org/2015/03/rojava-kurdish-revolution-academic-delegation/">"Rojava: only chance for a just peace in the Middle East"</a>. March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925004145/http://roarmag.org/2015/03/rojava-kurdish-revolution-academic-delegation/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/reports/ace201701.pdf">"Assyrians Under Kurdish Rule: The Situation in Northeastern Syria"</a> (PDF). January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221154226/http://www.aina.org/reports/ace201701.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/09/assyrian-christians-face-persecution-kurdish-nationalists/">"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria"</a>. <a href="National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. 25 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029205739/https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/09/assyrian-christians-face-persecution-kurdish-nationalists/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriadirect.org/news/why-are-kurdish-authorities-shutting-down-dozens-of-private-schools-in-northeast-syria/">"Why are Kurdish authorities shutting down dozens of private schools in northeast Syria?"</a>. 9 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019203115/https://syriadirect.org/news/why-are-kurdish-authorities-shutting-down-dozens-of-private-schools-in-northeast-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLaursen2021" class="citation book cs1">Laursen, Eric (4 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2qT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">The Operating System: An Anarchist Theory of the Modern State</a>. AK Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781849353885</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128064716/https://books.google.com/books?id=2qT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQuiricoRagona2021" class="citation book cs1">Quirico, Monica; Ragona, Gianfranco (5 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQo3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA190">Frontier Socialism: Self-Organisation and Anti-Capitalism</a>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783030523718</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128064724/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQo3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA190">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130951/http://en.hawarnews.com/reconciliation-committee-solves-1977-cases-in-serekaniye/">"Reconciliation Committee Solves 1977 cases in Serekaniye"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/reconciliation-committee-solves-1977-cases-in-serekaniye/">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419214429/http://en.hawarnews.com/reconciliation-committee-replaces-courts-in-gire-spi/">"Reconciliation Committee replaces courts in Girê Spî"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hawarnews.com/reconciliation-committee-replaces-courts-in-gire-spi/">the original</a> on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurç2020" class="citation journal cs1">Burç, Rosa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0353-57382003319B">"Non-territorial autonomy and gender equality: The case of the autonomous administration of north and east Syria - Rojava"</a>. Filozofija I Drustvo. 31 (3): 319–339. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FFID2003319B">10.2298/FID2003319B</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0353-5738">0353-5738</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226412887">226412887</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327203037/https://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0353-57382003319B">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWalter2025" class="citation news cs1">Walter, Natasha (14 February 2025). "Syria's feminist fortress". <a href="The_Guardian_Weekly" title="The Guardian Weekly">The Guardian Weekly</a>. pp. 42–44.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/rojava-revolution/">"The Rojava revolution"</a>. openDemocracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221052628/https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/evangelos-aretaios/rojava-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journals.sagepub.com_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-journals.sagepub.com_80-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHanerCullenBenson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Haner, Murat; Cullen, Francis T.; Benson, Michael L. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1057567719826632">"Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism"</a>. International Criminal Justice Review. 30 (3): 279–301. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1057567719826632">10.1177/1057567719826632</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-5677">1057-5677</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150900998">150900998</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203171448/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1057567719826632">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_81-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWoodThomas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Reed M; Thomas, Jakana L (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343316675025">"Women on the frontline: Rebel group ideology and women's participation in violent rebellion"</a>. Journal of Peace Research. 54 (1): 31–46. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343316675025">10.1177/0022343316675025</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152263427">152263427</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Öcalan_2017-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Öcalan_2017_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Öcalan_2017_82-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFÖcalan2017" class="citation book cs1">Öcalan, Abdullah (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n7qkks">The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan: Kurdistan, Woman's Revolution and Democratic Confederalism</a>. Pluto Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1n7qkks">10.2307/j.ctt1n7qkks</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7453-9977-5</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n7qkks">j.ctt1n7qkks</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329114853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n7qkks">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_83-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDüzgün2016" class="citation journal cs1">Düzgün, Meral (1 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-3507749">"Jineology"</a>. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 12 (2): 284–287. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F15525864-3507749">10.1215/15525864-3507749</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-5864">1552-5864</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151783142">151783142</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413044307/https://read.dukeupress.edu/jmews/article-abstract/12/2/284/42974/JineologyThe-Kurdish-Women-s-Movement?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArgentieri2015" class="citation web cs1">Argentieri, Benedetta (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz.com/467159/these-female-kurdish-soldiers-wear-their-femininity-with-pride/">"These female Kurdish soldiers wear their femininity with pride"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408015823/https://qz.com/467159/these-female-kurdish-soldiers-wear-their-femininity-with-pride/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jinhaagency.com/en/feature/jineology-knowledge-experience-and-science-of-women-2-28495">"Jineology: Knowledge, experience, and science of women-2"</a>. JINHAGENCY News. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rojavauni.com/en/department-of-jineologywomens-science/">"Department of Jineology(Women's Science ) |"</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/rojava-revolution/">"The Rojava revolution"</a>. openDemocracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221052628/https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/evangelos-aretaios/rojava-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rojavainformationcenter.com/background/political-system-documents/">"Political System: Documents – Rojava Information Center"</a>. rojavainformationcenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404155408/https://rojavainformationcenter.com/background/political-system-documents/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFÜstündağ2016" class="citation journal cs1">Üstündağ, Nazan (2016). "Self-Defense as a Revolutionary Practice in Rojava, or How to Unmake the State". South Atlantic Quarterly. 115 (1): 197–210. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-3425024">10.1215/00382876-3425024</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2876">0038-2876</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147434474">147434474</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gender-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gender_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gender_90-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFOwen2014" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Margaret (11 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/gender-justice-emerging-nation-impressions-rojava-syrian-kurdistan/">"Gender and justice in an emerging nation: My impressions of Rojava, Syrian Kurdistan"</a>. Ceasefire Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126072749/https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/gender-justice-emerging-nation-impressions-rojava-syrian-kurdistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/syrian-kurds-women-equal-rights-snubbing-jihadists-193905057.html">"Syrian Kurds give women equal rights, snubbing jihadists"</a>. Yahoo News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141116081034/http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-kurds-women-equal-rights-snubbing-jihadists-193905057.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3767133/meet-the-women-taking-the-battle-to-isis/">"Meet the Women Taking the Battle to ISIS"</a>. Time. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFÖğürBaykal2017" class="citation cs2">Öğür, Berkan; Baykal, Zana (7 July 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55287-3_3">"Understanding "Foreign Policy" of the PYD/YPG as a Non-State Actor in Syria and Beyond"</a>, Non-State Armed Actors in the Middle East, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–75, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-55287-3_3">10.1007/978-3-319-55287-3_3</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-55286-6</bdi>, retrieved 17 April 2023</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101162717/http://sosyalistfeministkolektif.org/english/928-revolution-in-rojava-transformed-the-perception-of-women-in-the-society.html">"Revolution in Rojava transformed the perception of women in the society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sosyalistfeministkolektif.org/english/928-revolution-in-rojava-transformed-the-perception-of-women-in-the-society.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roarmag.org/2015/01/statement-academic-delegation-rojava/">"Joint statement to the academic delegation at Rojava"</a>. 15 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907084100/http://roarmag.org/2015/01/statement-academic-delegation-rojava/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/3297343.html">"Fighting Escalates in Syria's Qamishli"</a>. 21 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722001853/http://www.voanews.com/media/video/3297343.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-regime-forces-bomb-kurds-in-north-for-first-time.aspx?pageID=238&nID=102997&NewsCatID=352">"MIDEAST - Syrian regime forces bomb Kurds in north for first time"</a>. 18 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819050721/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-regime-forces-bomb-kurds-in-north-for-first-time.aspx?pageID=238&nID=102997&NewsCatID=352">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_98-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFHawramy2016" class="citation news cs1">Hawramy, Fazel (22 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/22/kurdish-militias-fight-syrian-forces-hasaka">"Kurdish militias fight against Syrian forces in north-east city of Hasaka"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822121230/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/22/kurdish-militias-fight-syrian-forces-hasaka">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/291020231">"26 killed in clash between SDF, pro-Syrian regime armed group"</a>. Rudaw. 30 October 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-backed-syrian-kurds-seize-eastern-city-deir-el-zor-sources-say-2024-12-06/">"US-backed Syrian Kurds seize eastern city of Deir el-Zor, sources say"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728074524/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2728&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Hasakah: Deadly clashes between Arab tribes and PYD"</a>. KurdWatch. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728083311/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2726&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: PYD provokes supporters of the Kurdish National Council"</a>. KurdWatch. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728085150/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2730&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: Youth groups organize three-day rally"</a>. KurdWatch. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084137/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2731&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: PYD fails in attempt to mobilize one hundred thousand demonstrators"</a>. KurdWatch. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090328/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2727&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: Kurdish Democratic Political Union—Syria established"</a>. KurdWatch. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728073555/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2732&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: Shots exchanged between PYD and Yekîtî"</a>. KurdWatch. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090103/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2734&z=en&cure=1009">"Ad-Darbasiyah: YPG abducts armed Yekîtî members"</a>. KurdWatch. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728083531/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2738&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: YPG storms Yekîtî military drill ground"</a>. KurdWatch. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090320/http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2752&z=en&cure=1009">"Aleppo: Kurdish politician and writer fatally shot"</a>. KurdWatch. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728083251/http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2753&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Qamishli: More demonstrations in the Kurdish regions"</a>. Kurd Watch. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728074450/http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2754&z=en&cure=1009">"Al-Malikiyah: YPG ends siege of Kahf al‑Assad"</a>. KurdWatch. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728082512/http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2755&z=en&cure=1009">"ʿAyn al-ʿArab: YPG abducts Azadî members"</a>. KurdWatch. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728074410/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/diyarbakir-mayors-for-kurds-in-syria.htm">"Diyarbakır mayors for Kurds in Syria"</a>. Firat News. 22 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.firatnews.com/news/news/diyarbakir-mayors-for-kurds-in-syria.htm">the original</a> on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2016/04/12/pyd-increases-attacks-on-other-kurdish-groups-in-syria">"PYD increases attacks on other Kurdish groups in Syria"</a>. <a href="Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>. 12 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415090453/http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2016/04/12/pyd-increases-attacks-on-other-kurdish-groups-in-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/11/27/kurds-fleeing-syria-due-to-totalitarian-pyds-terror-acts-oppressive-attitude">"Kurds fleeing Syria due to 'totalitarian' PYD's terror acts, oppressive attitude"</a>. <a href="Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>. 28 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133846/http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/11/27/kurds-fleeing-syria-due-to-totalitarian-pyds-terror-acts-oppressive-attitude">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194142/http://aranews.net/2017/01/despite-calls-unity-syrian-kurds-remain-divided/">"Despite calls for unity, Syrian Kurds remain divided"</a>. ARA News. 19 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/01/despite-calls-unity-syrian-kurds-remain-divided/">the original</a> on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114537/http://aranews.net/2017/03/after-kurdish-tensions-in-sinjar-knc-offices-in-rojava-under-attack/">"After Kurdish tensions in Sinjar, KNC offices in Rojava under attack"</a>. ARA News. 5 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/03/after-kurdish-tensions-in-sinjar-knc-offices-in-rojava-under-attack/">the original</a> on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319011101/http://aranews.net/2017/03/human-rights-watch-calls-syrian-kurds-krg-release-political-prisoners/">"Human Rights Watch calls on Syrian Kurds and KRG to release political prisoners"</a>. ARA News. 19 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/03/human-rights-watch-calls-syrian-kurds-krg-release-political-prisoners/">the original</a> on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052228/http://www.syriacsnews.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A8/">"THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF BETH NAHRIN ISSUED A STATEMENT REGARDING THE CLOSURE OF UNLICENSED PARTY OFFICES"</a>. Syriac International News Agency. 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220048/http://aranews.net/2017/04/kurdish-national-council-calls-pyd-release-political-prisoners/">"Kurdish National Council calls on PYD to release political prisoners"</a>. ARA News. 4 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/04/kurdish-national-council-calls-pyd-release-political-prisoners/">the original</a> on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWladimir_van_Wilgenburg2017" class="citation web cs1">Wladimir van Wilgenburg (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415183332/http://aranews.net/2017/04/assyrian-faction-linked-syrian-opposition-meets-kurdish-tev-dem-office-closure/">"Assyrian faction linked to Syrian opposition meets with Kurdish TEV-DEM after office closure"</a>. ARA News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aranews.net/2017/04/assyrian-faction-linked-syrian-opposition-meets-kurdish-tev-dem-office-closure/">the original</a> on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/824383/syrie-les-kurdes-combattent-les-jihadistes-pour-imposer-leur-autonomie.html">"Syrie: les Kurdes combattent les jihadistes pour imposer leur autonomie - Dernières Infos - L'Orient-Le Jour"</a>. L'Orient-Le Jour. 19 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121200/http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/824383/syrie-les-kurdes-combattent-les-jihadistes-pour-imposer-leur-autonomie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMeredith_Tax2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Meredith Tax (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-10-14/rojava-model">"The Rojava Model"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329093442/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-10-14/rojava-model">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OIC-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OIC_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OIC_124-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205011325/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/speech-by-h_e_-mevlut-cavusoglu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-meeting-of-council-of-foreign-mini.en.mfa">"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs"</a>. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.tr/speech-by-h_e_-mevlut-cavusoglu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-meeting-of-council-of-foreign-mini.en.mfa">the original</a> on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-erdogan-slams-us-over-ypg-support.aspx?PageID=238&NID=99783&NewsCatID=510">"Turkish President Erdoğan slams US over YPG support"</a>. Hurryiet Daily News. 28 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019092032/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-erdogan-slams-us-over-ypg-support.aspx?PageID=238&NID=99783&NewsCatID=510">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobelog.com/how-can-turkey-overcome-its-foreign-policy-mess/">"How Can Turkey Overcome Its Foreign Policy Mess?"</a>. Lobolog (Graham E. Fuller). 19 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719220131/http://lobelog.com/how-can-turkey-overcome-its-foreign-policy-mess/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWladimir_van_Wilgenburg2015" class="citation web cs1">Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44027">"The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria"</a>. Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311204253/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44027">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Phillips2014" class="citation web cs1">David L. Phillips (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html">"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303075757/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7">"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'"</a>. Businessinsider. 28 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111927/https://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurak_Bekdil2015" class="citation journal cs1">Burak Bekdil (Summer 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/5317/turkey-isis">"Turkey's Double Game with ISIS"</a>. Middle East Quarterly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703223503/https://www.meforum.org/5317/turkey-isis">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/27/turkey-shells-kurdish-held-village-in-syria">"Turkey accused of shelling Kurdish-held village in Syria"</a>. The Guardian. 27 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091020/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/27/turkey-shells-kurdish-held-village-in-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054447/http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/">"Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported"</a>. Ara News. 19 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/">the original</a> on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Phillips2016" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Phillips (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.newsweek.com/turkeys-syria-intervention-sign-weakness-not-strength-501516">"Turkey's Syria Intervention: A Sign of Weakness Not Strength"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927005531/http://europe.newsweek.com/turkeys-syria-intervention-sign-weakness-not-strength-501516">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tastekin-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Tastekin_134-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFehim_Taştekin2016" class="citation web cs1">Fehim Taştekin (9 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909181341/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-syria-intervention-wreck-arab-kurdish-alliance.html">"US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive"</a>. Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-syria-intervention-wreck-arab-kurdish-alliance.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinews.com/baghdad-politics/germany-warns-turkey-attacking-kurds-syria/">"Germany warns Turkey from attacking Kurds in Syria"</a>. Iraqi News. 28 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514224445/https://www.iraqinews.com/baghdad-politics/germany-warns-turkey-attacking-kurds-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senator_John_McCain,_Chairman_of_the_United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Committee2016" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Senator John McCain, Chairman of the United States Senate Armed Services Committee (27 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013203735/https://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2016/10/statement-by-sasc-chairman-john-mccain-on-turkish-government-attacks-on-syrian-kurds">"Statement by SASC Chairman John McCain on Turkish Government Attacks on Syrian Kurds"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2016/10/statement-by-sasc-chairman-john-mccain-on-turkish-government-attacks-on-syrian-kurds">the original</a> on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pyd-leader-arrives-in-turkey-for-two-day-talks-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=51439&NewsCatID=338">"PYD leader arrives in Turkey for two-day talks: Report"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 25 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019124029/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pyd-leader-arrives-in-turkey-for-two-day-talks-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=51439&NewsCatID=338">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-kurdish-leader-holds-secret-talks-turkey-reports-140034309.html">"Syrian Kurdish leader holds secret talks in Turkey: reports"</a>. Yahoo. 5 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019165816/https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-kurdish-leader-holds-secret-talks-turkey-reports-140034309.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122221304/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/abdulkadirselvi/salih-muslims-trip-to-turkey-and-incirlik-base-2015919">"Salih Muslim's trip to Turkey and Incirlik Base"</a>. Yeni Safak. 7 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/abdulkadirselvi/salih-muslims-trip-to-turkey-and-incirlik-base-2015919">the original</a> on 22 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-ypg-pkk-connection">"The YPG-PKK Connection"</a>. Atlantic Council. 26 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042315/https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2016/01/27/ypg-pkk-connection-spells-u-s-turkey-friction">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33690060">"Turkey v Syria's Kurds v Islamic State"</a>. BBC News. 23 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214052459/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33690060">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/daesh-feto-ypg-pkk-shabab-terrorist-groups-are-all-the-same-2557522">"Daesh, FETÖ, YPG, PKK, Shabab terrorist groups are all the same"</a>. Yeni Şefak. 2 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010410/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/daesh-feto-ypg-pkk-shabab-terrorist-groups-are-all-the-same-2557522">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-british-ypg-terrorist-syria-874419624">"British volunteers in Syrian Kurd forces are 'terrorists', Turkey says"</a>. Middle East Eye. 1 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123907/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-british-ypg-terrorist-syria-874419624">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-YpgState-144"><a href="#cite_ref-YpgState_144-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005711/http://aranews.net/2015/09/u-s-says-ypg-not-a-terrorist-organization/">"U.S. says YPG not a terrorist organization"</a>. <a href="ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 23 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2015/09/u-s-says-ypg-not-a-terrorist-organization/">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-with-fewer-friends-than-ever.html">"Turkey's domestic policy losing its foreign friends"</a>. Al Monitor. 8 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112172513/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-with-fewer-friends-than-ever.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/75d9710e-a02b-11e6-86d5-4e36b35c3550">"Erdogan muddies Syrian and Iraqi political waters"</a>. Financial Times. 1 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218074540/https://www.ft.com/content/75d9710e-a02b-11e6-86d5-4e36b35c3550">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Hüseyin_BağcıDr._Çağlar_Kurç2016" class="citation web cs1">Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı; Dr. Çağlar Kurç (10 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/en/33.46609/">"Only Problems. How Turkey Can Become an Honest Mediator in the Middle East, Again"</a>. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110105626/http://www.kas.de/wf/en/33.46609/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/pkk-pyd-indoctrinating-schoolchildren-in-nsyria/690266">"PKK/PYD indoctrinating schoolchildren in N.Syria"</a>. Anadolu Agency. 21 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045843/http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/pkk-pyd-indoctrinating-schoolchildren-in-nsyria/690266">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98499&NewsCatID=358">"US defense chief admits links among PYD, YPG, PKK - AMERICAS"</a>. 29 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152234/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98499&NewsCatID=358">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/americas/2016/04/28/pentagon-chief-carter-confirms-link-between-ypgpyd-and-pkk-terrorist-organization">"Pentagon chief Carter confirms link between YPG/PYD and PKK terrorist organization"</a>. <a href="Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>. 28 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231163102/http://www.dailysabah.com/americas/2016/04/28/pentagon-chief-carter-confirms-link-between-ypgpyd-and-pkk-terrorist-organization">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/world/us-defense-chief-admits-pyd-ypg-pkk-link/563332">"US defense chief admits PYD, YPG, PKK link"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104143939/http://aa.com.tr/en/world/us-defense-chief-admits-pyd-ypg-pkk-link/563332">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/16-51_04-28-16.pdf">"Stenographic Transcript Before the COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE HEARING TO RECEIVE TESTIMONY ON COUNTER-ISIL (ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND THE LEVANT) OPERATIONS AND MIDDLE EAST STRATEGY"</a> (PDF). p. 99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228112539/http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/16-51_04-28-16.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ivan_Watson_and_Gul_Tuysuz-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Ivan_Watson_and_Gul_Tuysuz_153-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIvan_Watson_and_Gul_Tuysuz2014" class="citation web cs1">Ivan Watson and Gul Tuysuz (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/29/world/us-newest-allies-syrian-kurds/index.html">"Meet America's newest allies: Syria's Kurdish minority"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625085202/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/29/world/us-newest-allies-syrian-kurds/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-syria-euphrates-from-kurdish-perspective.html">"A look at battle for Raqqa from a Kurdish perspective"</a>. Al Monitor. 8 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220100715/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-syria-euphrates-from-kurdish-perspective.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2016/01/28/pydypg-terrorists-call-on-westerners-to-join-group-attack-turkey">"PYD/YPG terrorists call on Westerners to join group, attack Turkey"</a>. <a href="Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a>. 28 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104144139/http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2016/01/28/pydypg-terrorists-call-on-westerners-to-join-group-attack-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/12/the-tin-foil-hats-are-out-in-turkey/">"The Tin-Foil Hats Are Out in Turkey. From Zionist plots to CIA conspiracies, Turkey's favorite pastime is believing that the world is out to get it"</a>. Foreign Policy. 12 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109063325/http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/12/the-tin-foil-hats-are-out-in-turkey/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126073438/http://ypgrojava.com/en/2016/01/01/balance-of-the-war-against-hostile-groups-in-rojava-northern-syria-year-2015/">"Balance of the War Against Hostile Groups in Rojava, Northern Syria: Year 2015 – People's Defense Units Official Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ypgrojava.com/en/2016/01/01/balance-of-the-war-against-hostile-groups-in-rojava-northern-syria-year-2015/">the original</a> on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2016/08/28/world/middleeast/28reuters-mideast-crisis-syria-casualties.html">"Turkish Air Strikes in Syria Kill 25 Kurdish Militants, Says Military"</a>. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016 – via The New York Times.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122085323/http://aranews.net/2016/01/17765/">"Turkey bombs Kurdish headquarters northern Syria - ARA News"</a>. ARA News. 20 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/01/17765/">the original</a> on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/5b8661606a244e4daebf04c5ca188e84">"Kurdish-led Syria forces face off with Turkish-backed rebels"</a>. <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. AP. 27 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152144/https://apnews.com/5b8661606a244e4daebf04c5ca188e84">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/270820162">"YPG and Turkey clash in northern Syria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103145522/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/270820162">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ypg-no-threat-to-turkey-us-top-general-argues.aspx?PageID=238&NID=110346&NewsCatID=352">"YPG no threat to Turkey, US top general argues"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 2 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113712/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ypg-no-threat-to-turkey-us-top-general-argues.aspx?PageID=238&NID=110346&NewsCatID=352">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_163-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBerman2024" class="citation web cs1">Berman, Zachary (10 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/12/10/turkish-backed-syrian-national-army-seizes-manbij-from-u-s-allied-kurdish-led-forces/">"Turkish-Backed Syrian National Army Seizes Manbij from U.S. Allied, Kurdish-Led Forces"</a>. FDD. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241201-monitor-says-pro-turkey-fighters-seize-syria-town-from-kurdish-forces">"Monitor says pro-Turkey fighters seize Syria town from Kurdish forces"</a>. France 24. 1 December 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/01/06/erdogan-says-turkey-ready-to-intervene-to-prevent-any-division-of-syria">"Erdogan says Turkey ready to intervene to prevent any division of Syria"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 6 January 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/01/06/turkey-says-eradication-of-kurdish-ypg-in-syria-imminent-">"Turkey says eradication of Kurdish YPG in Syria 'imminent'"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 6 January 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-9-2025">"Iran Update, January 9, 2025"</a>. Institute for the Study of War. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/354977/">"Turkish escalation in January | 392 people, including civilians, killed in military operations in east Aleppo countryside"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 2 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_articles191" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria_articles191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Constitution of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria#Politics" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_the_DAANES" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the DAANES">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Rojava">Foreign Relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Parliament</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Political parties</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria#Policing_and_security" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Police</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asayish_(North_and_East_Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (North and East Syria)">Asayish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Self-Defense_Forces_(NES_regions)" title="Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)">Self-Defense Forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>

<ul><li><a href="People's_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_Front" title="Kurdish Front">Kurdish Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrin_Liberation_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrin Liberation Forces">Afrin Liberation Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria#Economy" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Economy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Symbols_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Symbols of North and East Syria">Symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria#Demographics" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria#Administrative_divisions" title="Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Regions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a></li>

<li>Raqqa</li>

<li>Tabqa</li>

<li>Manbij</li>

<li>People

<ul><li><a href="Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Circassians</a></li>

<li><a href="Yazidism_in_Syria" title="Yazidism in Syria">Yazidis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bedouin#Syria" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages

<ul><li><a href="Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Northern Kurdish</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li>

<li><a href="Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_dialects#Syrian_Turkmen_dialect" title="Turkish dialects">Syrian Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war139" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syrian_civil_war139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li>

<li><a href="Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li>

<li><a href="Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li>

<li><a href="Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017_%E2%80%93_December_2024)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017 – December 2024)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017 – December 2024)</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">2024 Syrian opposition offensives</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li>

<li><a href="2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactions_to_the_fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime">Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Transitional phase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_caretaker_government" title="Syrian caretaker government">Syrian caretaker government</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Syrian transitional government</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="2010s_in_Syria_political_history" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li>

<li><a href="June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li>

<li><a href="Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li>

<li><a href="April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li>

<li><a href="Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a>

<ul><li><a href="18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li>

<li><a href="Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li>

<li><a href="Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li>

<li><a href="Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li>

<li><a href="Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li>

<li><a href="Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li>

<li><a href="2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li>

<li><a href="May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li>

<li><a href="Manbij_offensive_(2016)" title="Manbij offensive (2016)">Manbij offensive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li>

<li><a href="5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li>

<li><a href="September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li>

<li><a href="January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li>

<li><a href="Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li>

<li><a href="Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li>

<li><a href="Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li>

<li><a href="Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li>

<li><a href="Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a>

<ul><li><a href="2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li>

<li><a href="April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li>

<li><a href="As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li>

<li><a href="ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li>

<li><a href="June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li>

<li><a href="November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li>

<li><a href="Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li>

<li><a href="December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li>

<li><a href="2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li>

<li><a href="February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li>

<li><a href="June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li>

<li><a href="2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_Damascus_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2024 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93October_2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–October 2024)">Jan–Oct</a> <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)">Nov–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">Opposition offensives</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo</a>

<ul><li><a href="2024_Aleppo_University_Hospital_airstrike" title="2024 Aleppo University Hospital airstrike">Aleppo University Hospital airstrike</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Syria_offensive_(2024)" title="Southern Syria offensive (2024)">Southern offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dawn_of_Freedom" title="Operation Dawn of Freedom">Operation Dawn of Freedom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Manbij_offensive_(2024)" title="Manbij offensive (2024)">Manbij offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_Al-Mustariha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Al-Mustariha massacre">Al-Mustariha strike</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_Kobani_clashes" title="2024 Kobani clashes">Kobani clashes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2024_Hama_offensive" title="2024 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_Homs_offensive" title="2024 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyra_offensive_(2024)" title="Palmyra offensive (2024)">Palmyra offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)" title="Fall of Damascus (2024)">Fall of Damascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Syria_clashes_(December_2024%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)">Western Syria clashes</a>

<ul><li><a href="2025_massacres_of_Syrian_Alawites" title="2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites">Massacres of Syrian Alawites</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hezbollah%E2%80%93Syria_clashes_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present)">Hezbollah-Syria clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes_(March_2025%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes (March 2025–present)">Lebanon–Syria border clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(April_2025%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (April 2025–present)">Rif Dimashq clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2025_massacres_of_Syrian_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 massacres of Syrian Druze">Massacres of Syrian Druze</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_offensive_into_northeastern_Syria_(2024%E2%80%932025)" title="Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria (2024–2025)">Turkish offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)">Israeli invasion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2025 <a href="Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)">Nov 2024 –present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2025_Jaramana_clashes" title="2025 Jaramana clashes">Jaramana clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="March_2025_Daraa_clashes" title="March 2025 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Syria_clashes_(April%E2%80%93May_2025)" title="Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025)">Southern clashes (April–May)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mar_Elias_Church_attack" title="Mar Elias Church attack">Mar Elias Church attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Syria_clashes_(July_2025%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present)">Southern clashes (July–present)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2012%E2%80%932017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="2012–2017 Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="Ba'athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist regime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Politics_of_Ba'athist_Syria" title="Politics of Ba'athist Syria">Politics of Ba'athist Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ba'ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lions_of_Hussein" title="Lions of Hussein">Lions of Hussein</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardians_of_the_Dawn" title="Guardians of the Dawn">Guardians of the Dawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Nationalist_Guard" title="Arab Nationalist Guard">Arab Nationalist Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhidin">Jaysh al-Muwahhidin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sootoro" title="Sootoro">Sootoro</a></li>

<li><a href="Ba'ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a>

<ul><li><a href="Popular_Committees_(Syria)" title="Popular Committees (Syria)">Popular Committees</a></li>

<li><a href="Golan_Regiment" title="Golan Regiment">Golan Regiment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Syrian Arab Armed Forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind" title="Eagles of the Whirlwind">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Islamic_Resistance_Front_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria">The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_Council_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria" title="Military Council for the Liberation of Syria">Military Council for the Liberation of Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Popular_Resistance" title="Syrian Popular Resistance">Syrian Popular Resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_Resistance_of_the_Eastern_Region" title="Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region">Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Jihad_Jibril_Brigades" title="Jihad Jibril Brigades">Jihad Jibril Brigades</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Galilee_Forces" title="Galilee Forces">Galilee Forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Palestine_Movement" title="Free Palestine Movement">Free Palestine Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_People's_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">Palestinian People's Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="Syrian_opposition_(2011%E2%80%932024)" title="Syrian opposition (2011–2024)">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li>

<li><a href="Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Commando_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Council_of_Tribes_and_Clans" title="Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans">Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="People's_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdistan_Workers'_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women's_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a>

<ul><li><a href="Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li>

<li><a href="Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li>

<li><a href="Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li>

<li><a href="Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li>

<li><a href="Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Saraya_Ansar_al-Sunnah" title="Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah">Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li>

<li><a href="Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li>

<li><a href="Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li>

<li><a href="Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li>

<li><a href="Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li>

<li><a href="Katibat_Jabal_al-Islam" title="Katibat Jabal al-Islam">Katibat Jabal al-Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Jama'at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li>

<li><a href="Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li>

<li><a href="Adnan_al-Aroor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li>

<li><a href="Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li>

<li><a href="Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li>

<li><a href="Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li>

<li><a href="Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadi_al-Bahra" title="Hadi al-Bahra">Hadi al-Bahra</a></li>

<li><a href="Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li>

<li><a href="Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li>

<li><a href="Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li>

<li><a href="Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li>

<li><a href="Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li>

<li><a href="Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li>

<li><a href="Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li>

<li><a href="Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li>

<li><a href="Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li>

<li><a href="Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li>

<li><a href="Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li>

<li><a href="Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li>

<li><a href="Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li>

<li><a href="Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li>

<li><a href="Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li>

<li><a href="Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li>

<li><a href="Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li>

<li><a href="Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li>

<li><a href="Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li>

<li><a href="Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li>

<li><a href="International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li>

<li><a href="International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian mass graves">Mass graves</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li>

<li><a href="39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li>

<li><a href="Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Negotiation_Commission" title="Syrian Negotiation Commission">Syrian Negotiation Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations/legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Investigations

<ul><li><a href="Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">International Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Mission_to_Investigate_Alleged_Uses_of_Chemical_Weapons_in_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prosecution_of_Syrian_civil_war_criminals" title="Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals">War crimes cases</a>

<ul><li><a href="V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war,_2017–present" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Germany</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Canada_and_the_Netherlands_v._Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic">Canada + Netherlands vs Syria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Rojava_conflict&oldid=1303660792">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>